1. Understanding learners with ADHD​​​​​​​

This presentation tends to be more prevalent in:

• females
• those who have encountered a head injury to the frontal lobe, and
• those who also have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

The main characteristics include an underdeveloped control of attention, focus and concentration. 

Less common characteristics include impulsivity, behavioural and emotional hyperactivity and executive dysfunction. 

​​​As the most well-known presentation of ADHD, this is often noticed in childhood as hyperactivity (with inappropriately high levels of movement such as running or climbing) and impulsive actions and often leads to trouble with authority and peers.

In adolescents and adults, as the brain matures, so too does the control level, and the hyperactivity reduces from high levels of movement to minor restlessness and fidgeting.The main characteristics include:

• an under-control of behaviour
• higher than usual activity (hyperactivity is a state of being unusually or abnormally active), and 
• acting on impulses without controlling these by thinking before acting.

​Also, inattentiveness and executive dysfunction are often present, though generally to a lesser extent.

​The main characteristics, present in equal measure, include less control in behaviour, attention, activity, and impulses.